Showing posts with label International Congress on Medieval Studies. Show all posts
Showing posts with label International Congress on Medieval Studies. Show all posts

Thursday, May 14, 2026

Kalamazoo 2026 - Day 3 - Remembering the Middle Ages Roundtable and Comics Sessions

We'll be wrapping up our participation at the International Congress on Medieval Studies this weekend with a roundtable session (below) and two panels on comics.

See the Medieval Comics Project (https://medieval-comics-project.blogspot.com/) for full details on the comics sessions.


Remembering the Middle Ages: Memories of the Medieval across Time and Space (A Roundtable) (Hybrid)

61st International Congress on Medieval Studies

Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, Michigan)/Online through Confex

Session 302: Saturday, 16 May 2026, 8:30 AM - 10:00 AM

Sangren Hall 3130 (hybrid)


Organized by Michael A. Torregrossa, Bristol Community College; Siân Echard, University of British Columbia; Alexander L. Kaufman, Ball State University

Cosponsored by Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture; International Arthurian Society, North American Branch (IAS/NAB); International Association for Robin Hood Studies (IARHS)


Presider: Kristin Noone, Irvine Valley College 


1 - Malory, Caxton, and Chaucer, social critics in the greenwood (In-Person)

Jennifer Goodman Wollock, Independent Scholar

“The Gest of Robyn Hode” (c. 1450) and Sir Thomas Malory’s Morte Darthur (Westminster: William Caxton, 1485), both possibly Malory's work (cf https://printinghistory.org/robin-hood-and-the-printers/), stand at the foundation of much of today’s popular culture. They attack evil customs of Malory's day, and ours, while also prizing restraint against violence,

Jennifer Goodman Wollock is delighted to be able to merge Robin Hood and King Arthur in a new research project, of which this paper is a part. 


2 - Adaptations of the ‘Sir Lancelot Fights Tarquin’ Arthurian Episode Through Time, Space, Genres, and Media (In-Person)

Lorraine Kochanske Stock, Univ. of Houston

This presentation traces the development of an Arthurian episode, the combat between Lancelot and Sir Tericam/Tarquyne/Tarquin from its inception in the Vulgate Lancelot, to Thomas Malory's Morte, to Thomas Deloney's broadside and its reprintings, to Richard Thorpe's 1953 film Knights of the Round Table, to Daniel Kelley's folk song.

Lorraine Kochanske Stock is taking a temporary vacation from the greenwood of Robin Hood to explore an Arthurian episode, featuring the mortal combat between Sir Lancelot and Tarquin, that traveled widely over both time and space, from the Vulgate Cycle of 13th-century France to the 21st-century game Assassin’s Creed Valhalla. 


3 - Charles William Purnell’s The Modern Arthur, or “Liking” Arthurianism in the 1912 New Zealand (Remote)

Anna Czarnowus, Uniw. Śląski w Katowicach

This paper presents Arthurianism beyond the nineteenth century and ultimately beyond England, even though the volume of poetry "The Modern Arthur" by Charles William Purnell was published in London. The poem "The Modern Arthur" centers on the idea of liking and disliking (or ignoring) the medieval in colonial New Zealand.

Anna Czarnowus is Associate Professor at the University of Silesia, Katowice (Poland). She specializes in Middle English literature and medievalisms. She recently co-edited  (with Laurel Ryan) Medievalism in Slavic Popular Culture (2025, Arc Humanities Press).


4- “Long Live King Richard!”: Problems with Robin Hood’s Idolization of a Crusader King (Remote)

Averie Mercedes Basch, Univ. of New Mexico

This project traces how a romanticization of Robin Hood and of the Crusades can be problematic for a modern society, especially one that cannot ignore the use of medieval imagery for radical movements.

Averie Basch is a third-year doctoral student at the University of New Mexico, pursuing a degree in Medieval Studies within the Department of English. Averie focuses on the exchange of ideas between medieval Irish and Arthurian storytellers through their depictions of otherworlds. She assesses how portrayals of liminal spaces represent borderlands in geographic and cultural contexts and can point to contemporary religious and/or social anxieties regarding colonization. She takes great interest in how Arthurian literature reveals interactions between the Christianized North Atlantic and the Celtic fringe, and how the Pre-Christian traditions survived in converted communities through narrative practices.


5- A Band of Not So Merry Men: Grimdark Echoes of Robin Hood in Mark Lawrence’s Broken Empire Trilogy (Remote)

Carl B. Sell, Univ. of Pittsburgh

Post-apocalyptic settings are rife with recreations of the Middle Ages, often creating a world with traces of the past—physically through buildings, roads, and historical memory—in addition to a reimagining of what the medieval world was like. Often, there is a sense of the feudal realms of history and imagination, and the work of Mark Lawrence is no exception to this tradition. Where Lawrence diverges, however, is his use of what is known as “grimdark” elements of fantasy: irredeemable characters, brutal combat, oppressive law systems, and nobles willing to sacrifice anyone to gain a throne. This fits right at home in a post-apocalyptic world, but Lawrence does not reveal that his fantasy world is, really, the far future of our own earth. Remnants of asphalt roadways, skyscrapers-turned-castles, nuclear fallout, science disguised as magic, and works of literature like those of Plato and Shakespeare oft-quoted by learned characters are slowly uncovered in the middle hundred pages or so of the first novel, Prince of Thorns. Prince of Thorns introduces both the setting and the character of Prince Honorious Jorg Ancrath, “Jorg” to friend and foe, a noble in disguise who becomes a cross between the leader of a band equal parts outlaw and mercenary. These “Brothers,” the name by which each member calls another, are composed of characters that at first seem to have no relationship to the merry men of Robin Hood, at least until “Little Rikey” is introduced: he is called “little” because he is anything but, a huge man with a small name reminiscent of Little John. I seek to explore the relationship between our own memories of the medieval and the grimdark fantasy subversions to the Robin Hood legend in these novels, but particularly Prince of Thorns.

Dr. Carl B. Sell (he/him/his) is the Associate Director for McNair and Undergraduate Research Programs and is a Part-Time Instructor of English Literature at the University of Pittsburgh. His research explores appropriations of Arthurian legend narratives, characters, and themes in popular culture as an extension of the medieval adaptive tradition. He serves as a member of the advisory boards for The Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture and the Alliance for the Promotion of Research on the Matter of Britain, and he is the author of journal articles and book chapters on Arthurian topics and DC’s Aquaman.


6 - The Other King in the North: Recreating the Medieval in Susanna Clarke’s Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell Corpus (In-Person)

Amanda Bohne, Univ. of Illinois–Chicago

Susanna Clarke’s Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell hints at­ a magical English past, when a mysterious magician ruled from Newcastle for 300 years before departing for Faerie in 1434. Clarke’s recent work has added to the fictional medieval sources alluded to in the novel.

[no biography provided] 



Kalamazoo 2026 Day Two - Monsters and Business Meeting

Two events upcoming for Day Two of the 2026 International Congress on Medieval Studies.


Magics, Marvels, Metamorphoses, and Monsters: Horrors of the Medieval Past, Present, and Future

61st International Congress on Medieval Studies

Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, Michigan)/Online through Confex

Session 282: Friday, 15 May 2026, 3:30 PM - 5:00 PM EDT

Co-Sponsored by Monsters & the Monstrous Area of the Northeast Popular Culture Association; Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture, International Society for the Study of Medievalism

Organized by Michael A. Torregrossa, Bristol Community College; June-Ann Greeley, Sacred Heart University.

Full details at https://popularpreternaturaliana.blogspot.com/2026/05/kalamazoo-2026-sponsored-session-magics.html



Getting Medieval on Popular Culture: Gathering, Information Session, and Business Meeting for the Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture

61st International Congress on Medieval Studies

Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, Michigan)/Online through Confex

Friday, 15 May 2026, 6:00 PM - 7:00 PM EDT

Sponsored By: Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture, Alliance for the Promotion of Research on the Matter of Britain, and Medieval Comics Project. 



Wednesday, May 13, 2026

Kalamazoo 2026 Day 1 - (Re)Visiting the Reel/Un-Reel Middle Ages:

The International Congress on Medieval Studies at Kalamazoo starts tomorrow (5/13). Here are the details on our first sponsored session of the week.

(Re)Visiting the Reel/Un-Reel Middle Ages: Pathways to Furthering Research on Medievalisms on Screen (A Roundtable) (Virtual)


61st International Congress on Medieval Studies

Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, Michigan)/Online through Confex

Session 25: Thursday, 14 May 2026, 8:30 AM - 10:00 AM



Organized by Michael A. Torregrossa, Bristol Community College; Scott Manning, Independent Scholar; and Siân Echard, Univ. of British Columbia

Co-sponsored by Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture; International Arthurian Society, North American Branch (IAS/NAB); International Society for the Study of Medievalism


Presider: Michael R. Evans, Delta College 



1 - Once and Future: Reflections on the Rise of Medieval Screenic Studies

Michael A. Torregrossa, Bristol Community College

This presentation will highlight my experiences as an enthusiast and scholar of medievalisms on screen by mapping out the beginnings of the field of Medieval Screenic Studies, highlighting key moments in its advancement, and suggesting where it needs to go next to best serve Medieval Studies in general.


Michael A. Torregrossa (he/him) is a graduate of the Medieval Studies program at the University of Connecticut (Storrs) and works as an adjunct instructor of writing and literature courses in both Rhode Island and Massachusetts. His research focuses on popular culture’s adaptation, appropriation, and transformation of stories and includes foundational studies on the figures of Merlin and Mordred on screen. In addition to these pursuits, Michael is the founder of The Alliance for the Promotion of Research on the Matter of Britain (2000-) and The Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture (2004-). He also serves as editor for these organizations' various blogs and as moderator of their discussion lists and leads the development of their conference activities.



2 -

Scott Manning, Independent Scholar

This roundtable paper will focus on my experience working with Kevin J. Harty on continuing his work on The Reel Middle Ages, specifically through the edited volume Cinema Medievalia: New Essays on the Reel Middle Ages (2024) and the in-progress volume tentatively titled The European Middle Ages on Film (2027).


Scott Manning is an independent scholar whose work on cinematic medievalism has appeared in Studies in Medievalism, The Year's Work in Medievalism, Mise-en-Scène, and Film & History, among other venues. He is co-editor, with Kevin J. Harty, of Cinema Medievalia: New Essays on the Reel Middle Ages and the forthcoming European Medieval Cinema. He is also the author of Joan of Arc: A Reference Guide to Her Life and Works and co-chair of the Medieval and Renaissance Area of MAPACA.


3 - Murder and Medievalism on The Traitors

Kristin Noone, Irvine Valley College

The contemporary reality show genre inherits and reinscribes the medieval confessional narrative: the drama of sin, repentance, and confession reflects a medievalizing rhetoric of ritualized emotion in a public context. The Traitors, especially in its popular US incarnation, provides a form of experiential medievalism, in location, theming, and emotional affect.


Kristin Noone (she/they; either is fine) is an English professor and Writing Center faculty at Irvine Valley College in Southern California; her research interests include medievalism, fantasy, adaptation studies, and popular romance. Her publications have included studies of ethics in the work of Terry Pratchett, examinations of food and feasting in modern outlaw romance, and the co-editing (with Caroline-Isabelle Caron) of the first academic book-length study of Star Trek tie-in fiction. She is a recent recipient of both the Diane Calhoun-French Grant for Two-Year College Faculty, administered by the Popular Culture Association, and the Kathleen Gilles Seidel Grant, administered by the International Association for the Study of Popular Romance. In her not-too-secret identity, she is an Amazon bestselling author of LGBTQ romance fiction (often paranormal or fantasy), a Rainbow Award winner, a Queer Indie Book Award winner in Fantasy, and a Good Sex Awards (in writing, that is!) Runner-Up.


4 - (De)Constructing Gender in On-Screen Science Fantasy Medievalisms

Lars Olaf Johnson, Cornell Univ.

Using the on-screen adaptations of Nimona and The Wheel of Time as case studies, this roundtable contribution will discuss how the collision of futuristic and neomedieval aesthetics within the science fantasy genre creates queer temporalities with the potential to challenge normative essentialist models of race, gender, and sexuality.


Lars Johnson is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Literatures in English at Cornell University. His research concentrations include Old Norse, Old English, and Middle English literatures and their legacies in contemporary medievalisms. His dissertation, (Un)Familiar Pasts: Queer Uses of the Middle Ages in Fantasy Medievalisms, comparatively analyzes how these bodies of literature construct identities such as gender, race, and sexuality.









Wednesday, September 10, 2025

CFP Session Sponsored by the International Peal-Poet Society (9/15/2025; Kalamazoo 2026)

Posted on behalf of the International Pearl-Poet Society:

I apologize for the lateness of this email, but as the deadline for paper proposals for ICMS 2026 approaches (Monday September 15), I want to make everyone aware that the International Pearl-Poet Society is sponsoring/co-sponsoring THREE paper sessions. You can view them on ICMS’s official “Call for Papers,” which is open for proposal submission. IPPS sessions can be accessed directly at: https://icms.confex.com/icms/2026/prelim.cgi/Index/SponsorList~International%20Pearl-Poet%20Society.



The titles of the sessions as well as information about delivery modes are as follows.

From Here to Eternity: Perspectives on Time in the Works of the Pearl-Poet [Virtual]

Time as an existential concept flows consistently through the poems of the Pearl-Poet. From the conversations of the Pearl Maiden and the Dreamer contrasting human existence and the bliss of eternal life in Heaven in Pearl to the relentless passing of (liturgical) time in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, these poems audaciously juxtapose time and eternity, life and death, vigor and decline in its various narratives. Our session invites readers to explore some of the many facets of time pertinent to a late-medieval English poet and his audiences.

Geographies of the Pearl-Poet: Spaces and Places in the Corpus [Virtual]

The Pearl poems take place in strategically-chosen geographic locations and visionary landscapes. The biblical poems offer detailed descriptions of ancient world cities like Babylon and Nineveh, and the romance-world poems introduce conventional settings (eg. the court of King Arthur) as well as more esoteric spaces like the Wirral forest in SGGK or the visionary garden in Pearl. This session invites readers of the collected poems to engage the broader literary critical conversations around place, to acknowledge poetic setting as crucial to a deeper understanding of both poem(s) and poet in their medieval context.


Medieval Roots and Modern Branches: Medieval Texts and Tolkien's Works [Virtual]

This session is co-sponsored by the Pearl-Poet Society and Tolkien at Kalamazoo. We have offered virtual sessions together during the past four years. Members are currently working on a special issue of the journal Enarratio on ecological themes in the works of the Pearl-Poet and J.R.R. Tolkien. We would benefit from the opportunity to gather and present new ideas in a paper session. The focus on “Medieval Roots and Modern Branches” is particularly timely in light of the work being done on this special issue and on the reception of the theme represented in the “The Rings of Power” series on Prime and the recent release of the animated film set in Middle-earth, “The Ride of the Rohirrim.”



All paper proposals must be submitted through the ICMS website no later than 15 September 2025. While proposals must be submitted through the website to be considered, please feel free to reach out to me with any questions about sponsored sessions, the proposal submission process, session delivery modes, and so on.


Cordially,

Jonathan Juilfs

Vice President, International Pearl-Poet Society


Sunday, September 7, 2025

Final Call for Papers Reminder: Kalamazoo, Leeds, and NeMLA 2026

We are sponsoring a number of sessions for 2026. All are hybrid or remote. Please consider submitting a proposal and/or sharing with your network.


Thanks,

Michael



They are:


NeMLA 2026 (Pittsburgh/Online)


CFP Twainian Regeneration: Adaptations of the Works, Life, and Legacy of Mark Twain (NeMLA Session 21918) (Hybrid) (9/30/2025; Pittsburgh 3/5-8/2026). Sponsored by the Mark Twain Circle of America. Details at https://medievalinpopularculture.blogspot.com/2025/08/cfp-twainian-regeneration-adaptations.html. (PDF version at https://www.academia.edu/143541544/2025_CFP_Twainian_Regeneration_Adaptations_of_the_Works_Life_and_Legacy_of_Mark_Twain_NeMLA_Session_21918_Hybrid_9_30_2025_Pittsburgh_3_5_8_2026_.) 


CFP Uncharted Medievalisms: Medieval Borrowings in Games (NeMLA Session 21633) (Hybrid) (9/30/2025; Pittsburgh 3/5-8/2026). Details at https://medievalinpopularculture.blogspot.com/2025/08/cfp-uncharted-medievalisms-medieval.html. (PDF version at https://www.academia.edu/143541634/2025_CFP_Uncharted_Medievalisms_Medieval_Borrowings_in_Games_NeMLA_Session_21633_Hybrid_9_30_2025_Pittsburgh_3_5_8_2026_.) 




International Congress on Medieval Studies 2026 (Kalamazoo/Online)


CFP Magics, Marvels, Metamorphoses, and Monsters: Horrors of the Medieval Past, Present, and Future (Virtual) (9/15/2025; ICMS Kalamazoo/Online 5/14-16/2026). Co-sponsored by Monsters & the Monstrous Area of the Northeast Popular Culture Association, Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture, International Society for the Study of Medievalism. Details at https://popularpreternaturaliana.blogspot.com/2025/08/cfp-magics-marvels-metamorphoses-and.html. (PDF version at https://www.academia.edu/143540648/2025_CFP_Magics_Marvels_Metamorphoses_and_Monsters_Horrors_of_the_Medieval_Past_Present_and_Future_Virtual_9_15_2025_ICMS_Kalamazoo_Online_5_14_16_2026_.) 


CFP Medieval Classics (Re)Illustrated: A Medieval Comics Project Team-up (Hybrid) (9/15/2025; ICMS Kalamazoo/Online 5/14-16/2026). Co-sponsored by Medieval Comics Project, International Arthurian Society/North American Branch, International Society for the Study of Medievalism. Details at https://medieval-comics-project.blogspot.com/2025/07/cfp-medieval-classics-reillustrated.html. (PDF version at https://www.academia.edu/143540696/2025_CFP_Medieval_Classics_Re_Illustrated_A_Medieval_Comics_Project_Team_up_Hybrid_9_15_2025_ICMS_Kalamazoo_Online_5_14_16_2026_.) 


CFP Remembering the Middle Ages: Memories of the Medieval Across Time and Space (Roundtable) (Hybrid) (9/15/2025; ICMS Kalamazoo/Online 5/14-16/2026). Co-sponsored by Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture, International Arthurian Society-North American Branch, International Association for Robin Hood Studies. Details at https://medievalinpopularculture.blogspot.com/2025/07/cfp-remembering-middle-ages-memories-of.html. (PDF version at https://www.academia.edu/143540764/2025_CFP_Remembering_the_Middle_Ages_Memories_of_the_Medieval_Across_Time_and_Space_Roundtable_Hybrid_9_15_2025_ICMS_Kalamazoo_Online_5_14_16_2026_.) 


CFP (Re)Visiting the Reel/Un-Reel Middle Ages: Pathways to Furthering Research on Medievalisms on Screen (Roundtable) (Virtual) (9/15/2025; ICMS Kalamazoo/Online 5/14-16/2026). Details at https://medievalstudiesonscreen.blogspot.com/2025/09/cfp-revisiting-reelun-reel-middle-ages.html. Co-sponsored by Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture, International Arthurian Society-North American Branch, International Society for the Study of Medievalism. (PDF version at https://www.academia.edu/143834155/2025_CFP_Re_Visiting_the_Reel_Un_Reel_Middle_Ages_Pathways_to_Furthering_Research_on_Medievalisms_on_Screen_Roundtable_Virtual_9_15_2025_ICMS_Kalamazoo_Online_5_14_16_2026_.) 




International Medieval Congress 2026 (Leeds/Online)


CFP Medieval Temporalities and Comics (Hybrid) (9/20/2025; Leeds IMC 7/6-9/2026). Details at https://medieval-comics-project.blogspot.com/2025/08/cfp-medieval-temporalities-and-comics.html. (PDF version as https://www.academia.edu/143540880/2025_CFP_Medieval_Temporalities_and_Comics_Hybrid_9_20_2025_Leeds_IMC_7_6_9_2026_.) 



Sunday, August 24, 2025

CFP Off of the Printed Prose Page: Multimodal Medievalisms (9/15/2025; ICMS Kalamazoo)

Off of the Printed Prose Page: Multimodal Medievalisms (A Paper Session)


deadline for submissions:
September 15, 2025

full name / name of organization:
Tales after Tolkien Society

contact email:
talesaftertolkien@gmail.com

source: https://call-for-papers.sas.upenn.edu/cfp/2025/07/09/off-of-the-printed-prose-page-multimodal-medievalisms-a-paper-session



ICMS 2026, Session 7569

While the pop culture landscape of books and films often borrow from and are inspired by "the medieval period"–as well as frequently disseminated, propagated, and influenced by neo-medievalist works such as those by Martin, Jordan, Sanderson, and Hobb–relatively little discourse focuses on how other types of contemporary works pull from the same and/or similar influences. With the increasing popularity of medievalism in games, music, etc., this paper panel seeks to prompt, deepen, and explore the study and discussion of the less commonly talked about–yet no less consumed–works and how they look to and use popular mis/understandings of the medieval.

Abstracts are due 15 September 2025 via Confex, https://icms.confex.com/icms/2026/prelim.cgi/Home/0


Last updated July 17, 2025






Wednesday, July 30, 2025

CFP Remembering the Middle Ages: Memories of the Medieval Across Time and Space (Roundtable) (Hybrid) (9/15/2025; ICMS Kalamazoo/Online 5/14-16/2026)

Remembering the Middle Ages: Memories of the Medieval Across Time and Space (Roundtable) (Hybrid)

61st International Congress on Medieval Studies, Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, MI), Thursday, 14 May, through Saturday, 16 May, 2026

Co-sponsored by Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture, International Arthurian Society-North American Branch, International Association for Robin Hood Studies


Co-organized by Michael A. Torregrossa, Bristol Community College; Siân Echard, University of British Columbia; and Alexander L. Kaufman, Ball State University


Heather Arden has argued that medievalisms manifest as the “survival, revival, or re-creation” of some aspect of the Middle Ages. As such, while they are linked to a particular period of history, medievalisms are not necessarily bound to a specific time or place. The medieval may continue or be brought back within its original location or be reset in distant lands and, even, on other worlds. As Umberto Eco has noted, “people like the Middle Ages,” and, at the most basic level, each of these manifestations illustrates the ongoing appeal of the medieval. More importantly, however, they also display the continued importance of how the era is viewed–both positively and negatively–and shape a unique relationship with those who restore and/or participate within them.


In this co-sponsored session, we seek to ally scholars of popular culture and medievalisms along with those who study the legendary traditions of the Matter of Britain and the Matter of the Greenwood to share new and neglected works that highlight the many ways we remember the Middle Ages and have restored it to life. 


Please post paper submissions into the Confex site using the direct link https://icms.confex.com/icms/2026/prelim.cgi/Session/7245.    

Do send any questions to the organizers at medievalinpopularculture@gmail.com.  Submissions are due no later than 15 September 2025.


Please be aware that those accepted to the panel must register for the conference in order to present. Past registration costs can be viewed at https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress/registration. The International Congress on Medieval Studies does offer limited funding as travel awards and subsidized registration costs; details are available at https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress/awards.   


For more information about the Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture, do check out our website Mass Mediævalisms: The Middle Ages of Popular Culture: https://medievalinpopularculture.blogspot.com/


For more information about the International Arthurian Society/North American Branch, do check out our website at https://www.international-arthurian-society-nab.org/ and consider becoming a member of our organization.


For more information about the International Association for Robin Hood Studies, do check out our website Robin Hood Scholars: IARHS on the Web: https://robinhoodscholars.blogspot.com/






Friday, May 9, 2025

Kalamazoo Report - More than The Green Knight: Exploring the Ongoing Tradition of Adapting and Appropriating Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Hybrid)

We co-sponsored another great session today at Kalamazoo. My thanks to our chair, my fellow presenters, and our audience (both on-site and in Zoom).


More than The Green Knight: Exploring the Ongoing Tradition of Adapting and Appropriating Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Hybrid)



60th International Congress on Medieval Studies

Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, MI)


Session 247 (Sangren Hall 1320): Friday, 9 May, from 3:30-5:00 PM EDT

Principal Sponsoring Organization:

Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture

Co-Sponsoring Organization(s):

International Arthurian Society, North American Branch (IAS/NAB), International Pearl-Poet Society


Organizers: Michael A. Torregrossa, Bristol Community College; Joseph M. Sullivan, Univ. of Oklahoma; Amber Dunai, Texas A&M Univ.–Central Texas

Presider: Amber Dunai, Texas A&M Univ.–Central Texas



There Are Many Ways to the Green Chapel: Creating a Resource Guide to Adaptations of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Virtual)

Michael A. Torregrossa, Bristol Community College

Michael A. Torregrossa (he/him/his) is a graduate of the Medieval Studies program at the University of Connecticut (Storrs) and works as an adjunct instructor of writing and literature courses in both Rhode Island and Massachusetts. His research focuses on popular culture’s adaptation, appropriation, and transformation of literary classics, including the Arthurian legends. In addition to these pursuits, Michael is the founder of The Alliance for the Promotion of Research on the Matter of Britain (2000-) and The Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture (2004-). He also serves as editor for these organizations' various blogs and as moderator of their discussion lists and leads the development of their conference activities. Besides this work, Michael is active in the Northeast Popular Culture/American Culture Association (a.k.a. NEPCA) and organizes sessions for their annual conference in the fall. Since 2019, Michael has been NEPCA’s Monsters and the Monstrous Area Chair, but he previously served as its Fantastic (Fantasy, Science Fiction, and Horror) Area Chair, a position he held from 2009-2018.


Not a Knight, but a Turtle: Looking at Children’s Media and Medievalism through Franklin and the Green Knight (Virtual)

Sam Lehman, Memorial University of Newfoundland

Sam Lehman is a PhD Candidate who studies Arthurian literature and popular culture on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland, Canada; her thesis project looks at women and trauma in The Mists of Avalon and Le Morte Darthur.


“Finn is totally getting played:” Carnival Games and Imbalanced Knowledge in Adventure Time’s Adaptation of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Prudence J. Ross, Brown Univ

Prudence Ross is a PhD candidate at Brown University in the Department of English. Their work is focused on considering the ways in which poetry, affect, and memory relate to and produce one another in early modern and medieval texts. Prudence’s dissertation project, entitled Poetic Joinery: Remembering the Passion in Early Modern Poetry, examines how the image of the joint in its various contexts – bodily, architectural, and mechanical - are employed in devotional poetry towards establishing a deeply felt readerly memory of the Crucifixion.


In His Own Time, On His Own Terms: Neuroqueer Medievalisms in Jes Battis’s The Winter Knight (Virtual)

Miles Smith, Fordham University

Miles Smith is a PhD candidate in English at Fordham University. Their dissertation project focuses on rhetoric and nonnormative bodyminds in late medieval literature, with a particular emphasis on gender, animality, and disability. They use they/them pronouns.



Saturday, August 10, 2024

Sponsored Session Medieval Monsters as Modern Monsters (virtual) (9/15/2024; ICMS Kalamazoo 5/8-10/2025)

 

Medieval Monsters as Modern Monsters: Exploring Continuums of the Monstrous (virtual)


Sponsored by Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture and Monsters & the Monstrous Area of the Northeast Popular Culture Association

Organized by Michael A. Torregrossa


60th International Congress on Medieval Studies

Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, Michigan)

Hybrid event: Thursday, 8 May, through Saturday, 10 May, 2025

Please Submit Proposals by 15 September 2024




Thursday, April 25, 2024

How Interdisciplinary Can We Be? - Kalamazoo 2024 Sponsored Session


Please join us at Kalamazoo online this May for

How Interdisciplinary Can We Be? (Re)Conceiving the Scope of Medieval Studies Today (A Roundtable) (Virtual)

59th International Congress on Medieval Studies (you must register to attend)
Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, MI)
Virtual Session
Session 46: Thursday, 9 May 2024, from 10:00-11:30 AM EDT



Sponsored by Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture


Organized by Michael A. Torregrossa, Bristol Community College


(Per request of one or more participants, this session will not be recorded.)


Presider: June-Ann Greeley, Sacred Heart University
 

Panelists:

(Re)Writing Trauma: The (Good) Wife of Bath as Therapy

Lindsay Pereira, Concordia University


Lindsay Pereira (she/her) is a neurodivergent MA student in her final year of English Literature at Concordia University, in Montreal, Quebec (Canada), with a BA Specialization in English Literature and a background in Health Sciences. At the university level, she is a T.A. Instructor and Evaluator for Concordia’s English Department, working in conjunction with the Centre for Teaching and Learning (CTL) to facilitate the inclusion of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in pedagogy creation at the graduate level. At the pre-college level, Lindsay provides UDL-based literature-centered workshops for the Lester B. Pearson School Board of Montreal in inclusive, adaptive learning environments and makerspaces. Her research interests include medieval Arthurian literature, learning and teaching through gaming, and inclusive pedagogy, with an aim to destigmatize neurodiversity and disability in education through the lens of English writing. Lindsay has presented her work on medieval studies and experiential pedagogy at conferences, including the 2024 Dies Medievales Conference, 2023 International Congress on Medieval Studies, and 2023 SAGE Graduate Student Colloquium, and looks forward to presenting at the upcoming 29th International Medieval Congress at Leeds University in July.



Toward a new Interdisciplinary approach in Arabic Medieval Literature

Amina Boukail,University of Jijel



Amina Boukail is an Associate Professor of comparative literature and Arabic Medieval literature at the University of Jijel, Algeria. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Annaba (Algeria) in 2016. Her dissertation title was “Arabic’s elements in Hebrew andalusian literature.” Her research interests include Arabic medieval literature, Judeo-Arabic, Iberian studies, Algerian literature, minorities in Arabic world. Her publications include: Arabic Maqamat in Universal literatures 2022 in Arabic, and The representation of the Other in Hebrew Andalusian literature in Arabic, Damascus 2023.







Sunday, September 10, 2023

Kalamazoo 2024 Deadline Reminder

 Just a reminder that proposals for papers and roundtable presentations for the 2024 International Congress on Medieval Studies are due by the end of this week. Materials must be posted to the Confex system by 15 September 2023.




Thursday, September 7, 2023

CFP How Interdisciplinary Can We Be? (Re)Conceiving the Scope of Medieval Studies Today (A Roundtable) (virtual) (9/15/2023; ICMS 5/9-11/2024)

How Interdisciplinary Can We Be? (Re)Conceiving the Scope of Medieval Studies Today (A Roundtable) (virtual)




Sponsoring Organization: Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture

Organizer: Michael A. Torregrossa




Call for Papers - Please Submit Proposals by 15 September 2023

59th International Congress on Medieval Studies

Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, Michigan)

Hybrid event: Thursday, 9 May, through Saturday, 11 May, 2024



Session Rationale





How Interdisciplinary Can We Be? (Re)Conceiving the Scope of Medieval Studies Today (A Roundtable) (virtual)




Through recent contact with medieval scholars, we've been hearing from individuals (many outside literature or history departments) who are excluded from current conversations in Medieval Studies. Their work is as valid as anyone else’s, but, because of the approach, they are unsupported by the larger community of medievalists. In organizing this session, we wish to expand the focus of Medieval Studies beyond the currently expected fields and to highlight the ways that other disciplines (including those outside the humanities) can contribute to discussion and debate about the medieval past as well as the post-medieval reception of the era.




Explorations might come from anthropology, archaeology, astronomy, comparative studies, engineering, folklore, genetics, linguistics, mathematics, philosophy, technology, etc. Other perspectives might highlight concerns from humanities scholars outside Medieval Studies who also feel left out.



Submission Information





All proposals must be submitted into the Confex system at https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress/call by 15 September 2023. You will be prompted to complete sections on Title and Presentation Information, People, Abstract, and Short Description.




Be advised of the following policies of the Congress: “You are invited to make one paper proposal to one session of papers. This may be to one of the Sponsored or Special Sessions of Papers, which are organized by colleagues around the world, OR to the General Sessions of Papers, which are organized by the Program Committee in Kalamazoo. You may propose an unlimited number of roundtable contributions. However, you will not be scheduled as an active participant (as a paper presenter, roundtable discussant, presider, respondent, workshop leader, or performer) in more than three sessions.”.




Thank you for your interest in our session. Please address questions and/or concerns to the organizers at MedievalinPopularCulture@gmail.com.

.



For more information on the Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture, please visit our website at https://medievalinpopularculture.blogspot.com/.

Saturday, September 2, 2023

CFP Ecomedieval Robin Hood (virtual) (9/15/2023; ICMS 5/9-11/2024)

Sharing on behalf of the International Association for Robin Hood Studies:


Ecomedieval Robin Hood (virtual)


Sponsoring Organization: International Association for Robin Hood Studies (IARHS)

Organizer: Anna Czarnowus




ECOMEDIEVAL ROBIN HOOD at ICMS in Kalamazoo (May 9–11, 2024)- AN ONLINE SESSION


Even though the Robin Hood tradition is identified as medieval, most of the texts are post-medieval, hence medievalist. These are often situated against the background of natural environment, and thus Valerie Johnson coined the term “ecomedievalism” for “the application of ecocriticism to neomedieval texts.” Therefore, discussion of neomedievalist texts of popular culture, such as films and TV series about Robin Hood that relate more to the times when they were made than to the Middle Ages, is particularly welcome. The Robin Hood tradition contains different interpretations of the environment, such as the myth of unspoiled nature, but also nature as dangerous, with apocalypse as something imminent. This session invites such ecocritical readings of various neomedievalist outlaw texts that represent nature or the relationship of nature to culture. You can focus, for example, on:


  • RH and greenwood in various cultural periods
  • the culture/nature divide
  • apocalyptic visions of RH narrative

Please send your abstract to: annaczarnowus@tlen.pl by September 15, 2023, but an official proposal can only be made and accepted through the (https://icms.confex.com/icms/2024/cfp.cgi).


Wednesday, August 30, 2023

CFP Music Medievalism in Popular Culture (virtual) (9/1/2023; ICMS 5/9-11/2024)



MUSIC MEDIEVALISM IN POPULAR CULTURE at ICMS in Kalamazoo (May 9–11, 2024)



Sponsoring Organization: Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture
Organizer: Anna Czarnowus





Jonathan Le Cocq (forthcoming, 2024) defines music medievalism as either the influence of the medieval on later music, or the impact on medieval music (real or imagined) on any later cultural practice. In popular culture, we can find both the music that has been influenced by the actual medieval one and music influenced by some folk music imagined as medieval. Medievalist music such as pagan folk music (Troyer in: Meyer and Yri, 2020) can be used in various media and there are various genres of it. Some music videos can be an example of the cultural practice that is influenced by the imaginary medieval music. Medievalist video games also contain “medievalized” music. Please consider such topics and similar ones:

  • medievalist music as background
  • medievalist music and similar videos
  • medievalist music/folk music as medievalist



Please send your abstract to: annaczarnowus@tlen.pl by September 1, 2023, but an official proposal can only be made and accepted through (https://icms.confex.com/icms/2024/cfp.cgi).

CFP Political Medievalism: A Global View (virtual) (9/15/2023; ICMS 2024)

Cross-posted from the ISSM listserv:



Dear Friends and colleagues,
Please consider submitting an abstract to our virtual session at ICMS 2024. The deadline for abstract submission is September 15. The link for submissions is: https://icms.confex.com/icms/2024/cfp.cgi





POLITICAL MEDIEVALISM: A GLOBAL VIEW (#4923)


In 2017, with white supremacists sporting shields and standards containing medieval-like heraldry, Charlottesville shocked the mainstream world. Not long after, in 2019, Christchurch in New Zealand followed a similar pattern, when Christian terrorist Brenton Tarrant attacked two mosques and murdered 51 people, using (amongst other weapons) an assault rifle riddled with inscriptions alluding to medieval themes, characters, and events. Despite not being a new phenomenon (let us not forget that painting of Adolf Hitler as a medieval knight) twenty-first century political (neo)medievalism seems to be finally showing its more brutal impulses; once confined to the ends of the internet and other restricted underworlds, it is now crawling its way into the public scene and even gaining relevance in places and countries where it was previously unknown. Email Luiz Guerra (anchietaguerra@gmail.com) with questions.


Best,

Luiz Felipe Anchieta Guerra
International Liaison - ISSM

Tuesday, August 8, 2023

CFP ISSM Sponsored Kalamazoo 2024 Sessions (9/15/2023; ICMS 5/9-11/2024)

CFP: ISSM Sponsored Kalamazoo 2024 Sessions


The 59th International Congress on Medieval Studies will be held in Hybrid Format on May 9-11, 2024.

All ISSM sponsored sessions will be remote and submissions are due by 9/15/23.



YOUNG ADULT MEDIEVALISMS (#4924): PAPER PANEL


This virtual/remote session considers the function of the Medieval in Young Adult Literature and Media. Whether retellings of Arthurian or other medieval stories, stories set in the Real or Fantasy Middle Ages, or stories working in Medieval narrative modes, the universe of YA media seems deeply engaged with the past. This is particularly interesting since the idea of “adolescence” certainly post-dates the Middle Ages. Papers will consider any aspect of the Medieval in YA Media focusing on how the medieval is defined or created and used within the narrative. What it the purpose of setting a YA story in the medieval past? What happens when Medieval characters are reconstituted as contemporary (or futuristic) young adults? How do medieval genres work to tell stories that speak to the present moment? And what is the relationship of the past and the present in these stories? Email Angela Weisl (angela.weisl@shu.edu) with questions; abstracts must be submitted through the ICMS website for consideration.


POLITICAL MEDIEVALISM: A GLOBAL VIEW(#4923): PAPER PANEL


In 2017, with white supremacists sporting shields and standards containing medieval-like heraldry, Charlottesville shocked the mainstream world. Not long after, in 2019, Christchurch in New Zealand followed a similar pattern, when Christian terrorist Brenton Tarrant attacked two mosques and murdered 51 people, using (amongst other weapons) an assault rifle riddled with inscriptions alluding to medieval themes, characters, and events. Despite not being a new phenomenon (let us not forget that painting of Adolf Hitler as a medieval knight) twenty-first century political (neo)medievalism seems to be finally showing its more brutal impulses; once confined to the ends of the internet and other restricted underworlds, it is now crawling its way into the public scene and even gaining relevance in places and countries where it was previously unknown. Email Luiz Guerra (anchietaguerra@gmail.com) with questions.


MEDIEVALISM AND CONTEMPORARY ROMANCE (#4925): PAPER PANEL


The romance genre emerges in the Middle Ages but has shown no intention of going anywhere. How do contemporary forms of romance (whether novels, films, television shows, etc.) engage with medieval tropes and narrative elements? While there are certain obvious elements that have changed, what remains the same? And what about the genre allows it to maintain the same status it had in the Middle Ages as the most popular (secular) genre? Papers for this virtual/remote session may look at any contemporary examples from any media. Email Angela Weisl (angela.weisl@shu.edu) with questions; abstracts must be submitted through the ICMS website for consideration.


INCLUSIVE MEDIEVALISMS IN FILM AND TELEVISION (# 4296): ROUNDTABLE


Medievalisms in Film and Television show no sign of slowing down, every season brings new examples. Whether purely fantasy or based in some kind of historical reality, these instantiations suggest an ongoing preoccupation with the medieval past. But to what end? More specifically, how do diverse casting choices (or the lack thereof) impact popular conceptions of the “premodern” past? This virtual roundtable will investigate different visions of medieval society put forth recently on film and tv in an attempt to determine how they might reflect the use and abuse of the Middle Ages in contemporary discourses on diversity and inclusion. Considerations of fan reactions to casting choices are welcome alongside analyses of the impact of these choices on the world building and messaging of the show or film in question. Email Leah Haught (lhaught@westga.edu) with questions; abstracts must be submitted through the ICMS website for consideration.

SCIENCE FICTION MEDIEVALISMS (#4922): PAPER PANEL

After the success of last year’s four sessions on Science Fiction Medievalisms, this virtual/remote session seeks to continue the conversation. How is the Medieval used in a genre that is supposedly about the future? How do medieval elements interact with the technological, scientific, and cyber elements of the genre? Why do “past” stories continue to be told in the imagined future, and what does this suggest about our present? Email Chrissie DeClerck-Szilagyi (christinaszilagyi@delta.edu) or Angela Weisl (angela.weisl@shu.edu) with questions; abstracts must be submitted through the ICMS website for consideration.


If you have friends or colleagues who you think would be interested in these sessions, please encourage them to submit!

Monday, August 7, 2023

CFP MUSIC MEDIEVALISM IN POPULAR CULTURE (9/1/2023; ICMS in Kalamazoo May 9–11, 2024)

MUSIC MEDIEVALISM IN POPULAR CULTURE (virtual) at ICMS in Kalamazoo (May 9–11, 2024)

Sponsored by the Association for the Advancement of Scholarship and Teaching of the Medieval in Popular Culture

Jonathan Le Cocq (forthcoming, 2024) defines music medievalism as either the influence of the medieval on later music, or the impact on medieval music (real or imagined) on any later cultural practice. In popular culture, we can find both the music that has been influenced by the actual medieval one and music influenced by some folk music imagined as medieval. Medievalist music such as pagan folk music (Troyer in: Meyer and Yri, 2020) can be used in various media and there are various genres of it. Some music videos can be an example of the cultural practice that is influenced by the imaginary medieval music. Medievalist video games also contain “medievalized” music. Please consider such topics and similar ones:

  • medievalist music as background
  • medievalist music and similar videos
  • medievalist music/folk music as medievalist

Please send your abstract to: annaczarnowus@tlen.pl by September 1, 2023, but an official proposal can only be made and accepted through (https://icms.confex.com/icms/2024/cfp.cgi).






Sunday, August 6, 2023

CFP Robin Hood and Other Outlaws for Kalamazoo 2024 (deadline 9/15/2023)

Reposted from the IARHS listserv:

IARHS Sponsored Sessions at the ICMS, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA, May 9-11, 2024




1. ECOMEDIEVAL ROBIN HOOD


Even though the Robin Hood tradition is identified as medieval, most of the texts are post-medieval, hence medievalist. These are often situated against the background of natural environment, and thus Valerie Johnson coined the term “ecomedievalism” for “the application of ecocriticism to neomedieval texts.” Therefore, discussion of neomedievalist texts of popular culture, such as films and TV series about Robin Hood that relate more to the times when they were made than to the Middle Ages, is particularly welcome. The Robin Hood tradition contains different interpretations of the environment, such as the myth of unspoiled nature, but also nature as dangerous, with apocalypse as something imminent. This session invites such ecocritical readings of various neomedievalist outlaw texts that represent nature or the relationship of nature to culture. You can focus, for example, on:

  • RH and greenwood in various cultural period
  • the culture/nature divide
  • apocalyptic versions of RH narrative



2. OUTLAW ENVIRONMENTS


A popular saying has it that “Robin Hood in greenwood stood” and a similar phenomenon can be found in other outlaw texts and traditions. Such outlaws as Fouke le Fitz Waryn, Twm Shon Catty, or the Slovak Janosik all functioned in a specific natural environment. It needs to be examined how important this background was for their respective legends. The landscape was presented as a romanticized version of nature or as wilderness that went well with what was believed to be the outlaws’ “natural” brutality and violence. This tradition is important to examine as it is present in various countries, not only English-speaking. We can suggest, among others, the following topics:

  • outlaws against romanticized landscape
  • violence of outlaws/wildness of nature
  • the specificity of the landscape against which an outlaw is presented
  • nature (e.g. its beauty) and nationalism in outlaw legends



Please send your abstract to: annaczarnowus@tlen.pl, but an official proposal can only be made and accepted through (https://icms.confex.com/icms/2024/cfp.cgi). The deadline for proposals is Sept. 15, 2023.



Sunday, February 12, 2023

Kalamazoo 2023 Updates

The organizers of the 58th International Congress on Medieval Studies have recently released the schedule for the hybrid event set to take place at Kalamazoo and online from Thursday, May 11, through Saturday, May 13, 2023. The full schedule can be accessed from the conference home page at this link


Registration will be open in March at the following rates:

$265 (annual income $90,000 and above)

$210 (annual income $75,000-$89,999)

$175 (annual income $60,000-$74,999)

$150 (annual income $45,000-$59,999)

$95 (students and annual income below $45,000)

$10 (Kalamazoo residents)

Tuesday, September 13, 2022

Last Call CFP: IARHS Robin Hood/Outlaw Sessions for Kalamazoo 2023 (deadline 9/15/2022)

From the IARHS listserv:

(Note that the listserv stripped the emails from the message. Refer to the Congress site for that information,)


We are approaching the deadline of 15 September 2022 to submit paper proposals for the ICMS in Kalamazoo, 11-13 May 2023. The IARHS has a formal paper session and a roundtable approved, and both will be held virtually. Please see below for their descriptions. All proposals must be submitted to the ICMS's Confex system.



Best wishes,
Alex Kaufman




(1) The Mutable Ideologies of the Robin Hood Tradition (Session of Papers)


Contact: Anna Czarnowus

Modality: Virtual

Robin Hood narratives, whether literary or other media (cf. film), have always contained embedded ideologies. From social hierarchies of the later Middle Ages and the Renaissance, 18th-century nostalgic Anglo-Saxonism (taken up again in Romanticism, Victorianism, and Modernism) to contemporary American designations, the Robin Hood tradition hosts conflicting ideological perspectives. These conflicts ensure the tradition is diverse, and interpretations of the story reproduce that diversity. Exploring the origins and implications of these perspectives is key to scholarly analysis of the trans-temporal and increasingly global Robin Hood tradition.

The Robin Hood tradition has never been objective or ideologically naïve: alongside their undeniable entertainment value, the narratives served to bolster, create, or attack ideological perspectives. Yet diverse interpretations of the story coexist with each other, and apparently mutually exclusive interpretations of the tradition can enhance its popularity. This panel seeks papers that explore these ideological perspectives across media, whether the traditional late medieval / early modern ballads, novels, performances, art, music, and modern film. How are ideologies of the past still relevant within medieval and post-medieval Robin Hood texts? How do post-medieval ideologies contribute to or problematize the tradition?

Please send a 250-word abstract by 15 September 2022 to the email and simultaneously submit it to the Confex system for the ICMS: https://icms.confex.com/icms/2023/cfp.cgi. Proposals must be uploaded to the Confex system for consideration.



(2) Robin Hood Fantasies: Beyond Realism and Verisimilitude (A Roundtable)


Contact: Alexander L. Kaufman
Modality: Virtual
For audiences of Robin Hood texts, there is a tendency to describe the tradition as grounded in realism. This roundtable seeks papers that explore how the medieval and post-medieval Robin Hood tradition negotiates the reality of outlawry and the historical contexts associated with the outlaw, alongside tropes that belong to genres such as speculative fiction, fantasy, science fiction, fairy tales, and contemporary romance in literature and media. Have we fully moved toward an un-real Robin Hood, and if so, what are the implications? In focusing on the fantastical, this panel seeks to interrogate the value of fiction as fiction.

The Robin Hood tradition has been connected in some manner with a historical reality, and some scholars continue to seek the “real” that is within literary texts or historical records. This panel further seeks to underscore how the histories that are a part of Robin Hood texts are themselves fictive, literary representations of a history, historical event, or figure. We should begin to consider how Robin Hood literary and media texts belong to the broad genre of fantasy and its numerous sub- and adjacent-genres.

Please send a 250-word abstract by 15 September 2022 to  and simultaneously submit it to the Confex system for the ICMS: https://icms.confex.com/icms/2023/cfp.cgi. Proposals must be uploaded to the Confex system for consideration.